The study was to investigate the effects of bilateral single movement training on upper limb function recovery and motor cortical excitability in chronic stroke patients. For this study, we compared the neurophysiological and behavioral changes associated with two such rehabilitation protocols: bilateral and unilateral movement training. Ten chronic stroke patients were randomly assigned to the two training protocols involving two daily practice sessions a week through 11 week time period. For this experiment, motion analysis system (Optotrack 3020), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), EMG, Ag/AgCI suface electrode, rehabilitation training equipment, and jebsen-talyer hand function test kit were used. Tasks involved repetitive practice of three tasks selected from: wooden dowel placement, peg targeting, and simulated drinking. The research had the following results. First, in the reaching task, bilateral training group showed a reduction in movement time and increased in peak velocity in comparison to individuals receiving unilateral training. Second, in the cortical excitability within affected hemisphere, using TMS, an increased in motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude (130%, 140%, and 150% intensity rMT) following bilateral training. Third, results from JTT hand function test revealed that unilateral training group spent more than bilateral training group in simulated feeding and lifting large heavy object task. Overall, these findings suggest that a bilateral training intervention may be effective in recovering upper limb motor function in chronic stroke patients.

An object of the research which ti sees Swiss ball movement Development Coordination Disorders Children(7-9 year old) examine closely it affects in fitness and physical Self-Description of the obstacle and Development Coordination Disorders for the obstacle child movement program they provide in object. The research executed Movement Assessment Battery for Children(ABC) prosecuting Attorney Jeonlabuk-do K city elementary school 1,2,3 grade and Developmental Coordination Disorders obstacle is recognized male elementary school(20 person) in the object. In order to analyze the interaction effect of group overlooking enforcement between in executed a dual mixture analysis of variance(two-way mixed ANOVA) and with afterwords it drew a same conclusion. first, The Developmental Coordination Disorders Children appeared with the power, explosive anger, balance anger, flexibility, muscular endurance, effect. second, The Developmental Coordination Disorders Children appeared with the Physical Self-Description was visible the change which is affirmative from Appearace, flexibility, Sports-Confidence, Regular exercise, muscular strength factor of own concept.

The purpose of this study is to examine to see how serve routine training has its effects on the performance of individual volleyball players in middle school. This research was conducted using qualitative techniques that include, but are not limited to the following: questionnaires, interviews, and observation. This study examines thirty male volleyball players who on average have played volleyball for four years and was divided into two groups. Each group is made up of fifteen players; one was selected from K middle school in D city, the other from S middle school in B city. The experiment was carried out in six sessions to assess the accuracy of the subjects` serve. There was no serve performance routine given to the test group until the fourth week. It has been applied using the qualitative research since fourth week. The control group continued on with their serving without any instruction through the course of the full six weeks. The findings are as follows: (1) The subjects of the test group improved their ability to use behavioral and cognitive clues. (2) They also improved their serving accuracy exponentially above that of the control group. (3) After t-test, there was a maximum five percent difference between the two groups. (4) They showed improvement in their overall performance in a competition. In conclusion, the serve performance routine drastically improved students` overall performance in multiple ways. It has its positive effect on volleyball players as a result of their much more improved overall performance as well as affirmative effect on their open motor skills.

This research purports to verify the difference and the causal relationships among KLPGA players(n=334)` self-management and game satisfaction by objective level(tour grade 1st, 2nd, 3rd) and subjective level(upper, low). Multivariate Tests, multiple regression analysis were made, and the following results were found: First, there was significant difference in self-management by the participating tour grade. Second, there was significant difference in satisfaction with games by tour grade. Third, self-management had significant influence on satisfaction with subjective level(upper, low).

This study is based on an open survey on the total of 144 male and female hockey players, consisting of superior or mediocre athletes. The survey asked how the players feel coaches or leaders` leadership in an ordinary training and a game situation. We classified the result into 5 aspects, 1) Trust, 2) Communication, 3) Satisfaction, 4) Team morale, 5) Team`s power of unity, and analyzed each aspect`s reasons further into positive and negative ones with its cases. We classified the players into the superior and the mediocre based on whether he or she has been a member of the national team, and analyzed the contents of the answers after repeatedly reading them. We combined the answers with considering same original materials and then categorized them and marked levels on them based on similar contents. The positive reasons on Trust are: `trust me`, and `encouragement` from the female superior players, and `taking initiative & setting an example`, `consistency of speech`, and then `encouragement` in order of high score from the male superior players. The most negative reason on Trust is `harsh language and violence` from all the players. The positive reasons on communication are: `care`, `listening closely`, and `understanding` in order from the female superior and the female mediocre players plus the male mediocre players. The male superior players said `being respected`, `listening closely`, and `understanding` in order of high score. The negative reasons on Communication are `selfishness`, `lack of concern` from the female superior and the female mediocre and the male superior. The male mediocre players mentioned `lack of concern`, `ignorance`, and then `lack of communication` in order. The positive reason on Satisfaction is `being praised` from all the objects. The positive reasons on Team morale are `taking initiative & setting an example`, `encouragement`, and `being praised`. All the object emphasized collective exercise is the best for the Team`s power of unity reason.

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects throughout the application of curriculum for collegiate athletes` academic performance and to suggest several devices for efficient academic administration. Sixty athletes(male 55, female 5), freshmen at Korea University responded to Sport Class Environment Scale, Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire, Learning Intention, and an open-ended questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis, paired sample t-test, frequency analysis, and inductive content analysis were utilized for analyzing data. The results of t-test by measurement variable indicated that there were significant increase in self involvement and mistake, coach-athlete communication, effort/order, and affiliation in sport class environment, budget and academic support in athlete satisfaction, and learning intention compared with pre-test. Recognized knowledge and thinking expansion, relationship, and opportunity for career groping as beneficial aspects of learning, athletes considered fatigue, class climates, practice and game participation as significant obstructors hindering their class participation and required to arrange or operate academic support systems such as exclusive teaching staff, counselling room for learning and career education, specific program for non-attendants in class.

The purpose of this study was to examine how gender, level of physical fitness, and sport participation degree have an effect on multidimensional physical self-perception in 836 middle school students. The students responded to the Korean Version of Physical Self-Perception Profile and a demographic questionnaire. For analysis, t-test and ANOVA were used. The results are as follows: Gender differences in physical self-perception and its sub-dimensions were founded. It is worthy of notice that the level of self-perception of an attractive figure in both boys and girls was lower than that of another sub-dimensions. This result indicates that the adolescents have already internalized a socially transmitted point of reference for physical appearance. Level of physical fitness had an impact on physical self-perception and its sub-dimensions. The higher level of physical fitness was, the better the physical self-perception was. The voluntary sport participation degree influenced also the physical self-perception and its sub-dimensions. The results were discussed from the educational point of view.

The purpose of this study was to test the degree to which constraint negotiation strategy acts as a mediator of the relationship between exercise motivation and participation level of exercise among leisure sport participants. Forty hundred and fifty(n=450) leisure sport participants completed self-administered questionnaires measuring exercise motivation, constraint negotiation strategy, participation level of exercise, and demographical variables. Structural equation modeling(SEM) analysis showed that intrinsic motivation had positive effect on interpersonal adjustment strategy and negative effect on passive coping strategy; identified regulation had significant associations with time management, interpersonal adjustment; amotivation had significantly negative effects on time management, interpersonal adjustment and passive coping strategy. Identified regulation motivation significantly predicted exercise participation. Time management strategy had significantly positive effect on exercise participation, and passive coping strategy had significantly negative effect on participation. Identified regulation had significant indirect effect on participation level via time management and interpersonal adjustment strategy. Amotivation also had significant indirect effects on participation level via time management, interpersonal adjustment and passive coping strategy. Consequently, the effect of motivation on participation was partially mediated by constraint negotiation strategies. The results of the study provide support for self-determination theory and Ryan`s(1995)contentions regarding the importance of extrinsic regulation in exercise situation.

This study is to define difference of Korea and America elementary school children`s stress according to their physical activities. The subjects are 414 korea elementary school children who have lived in Gwangju city in Korea and they are 5th grade, 282 America children who have lived in Greensboro city NC state in USA 2007. The scale is used in this study stress survey scale which is made for korean children. America children are measured this scale which is translated english and it contains 22 questions about their stressors. The results as follows; First, In factor analysis, Korea children`s stress, first factor is `related study`, the second factor is `related their play`, third factor is `related friends`, 4th factor is `related sports`. In factor analysis of America children`s stress, first factor is `related their play`, the second factor is `related friends`, third factor is `related study`. Second In analysis stress factor according to children`s sports participation, Sports participation time affect to reduce children`s stress in Korea. frequency of Sports participation, participation time, and participation periods affect to reduce children`s stress in America elementary school children.

The purpose of the study participants saw their athletic life continues to affect the adherence behavior intention of exercise addiction to identify. Research target is the metropolitan area to participate in various sports programs and athletic life of a normal adult over the age of 20 years. Nyeo 239 people (SE: 150, female: 89 people) and took the final analysis of this research. The average age is 38.62 years old subjects (SD=10.54) and sports career is 3.97 years. Descriptives analysis of data collected, multiple regression analysis will reach the following conclusions. Factor is the attitude of the act depends on continuous movement, withdrawal symptoms, exercise motivation static effect on the perceived behavior control in affected the withdrawal symptoms. Attendance is also the motivation to exercise and withdrawal symptoms affecting static, whereas subjective factors gyujun exercise addiction does not affect any year.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the structural validity of a scale modified CNNAQ-2(Biddle et al., 2003) based on self-theory of ability into dance setting and to examine a causal relation between ability beliefs, goal orientations, perceived competence, and intrinsic motivation among university dance students. First survey was conducted to 265 students for exploratory factor analysis and reliability test of a modified scale. Second data was collected from 512 students for evaluating construct validity and examining a causal relation. Using confirmatory factor analysis, construct validity of the modified measure was confirmed that four factors(improvement, learning, talent, and stable) model can predict beliefs about dance ability. The results of casual analysis confirmed hypotheses that incremental ability beliefs predict an task-oriented goal, while entity beliefs predict an ego-oriented goal. Incremental beliefs directly affected to perceived competence and had an effect on it directly via task-oriented goal. Both task- and ego- oriented goal orientation directly influenced perceived competence, but only task goal in turn affected to intrinsic motivation through perceived competence. Also task-oriented goal directly affected to intrinsic motivation. The results were discussed with ability beliefs perspectives and future direction.

This study attempted to analyze eating behavior and disorders among Unterweight Group and Nomalweight Group of physical university female students. Subjects of this were sampled 302 the university`s female (under weight group 121, standard weight group 181) by the cluster random sampling method. In this study were analysis is t-test and Regression. The 5% level of significant was used as the critical level. On the basis of the results analysed, the conclusion were drawn as followings: First. Body Eating Behaviors(external, emotional and restrained) and disorders(bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa) has significant between groups. Second. There were significant causal relationships among Eating Behaviors and disorders of Unterweight Group and Nomalweight Group of physical university`s female students.